CECsst.218 TITLE: Alliance Game, International Alliances AUTHOR: EILEEN THRASH, Bedford Junior High School; Bedford, Texas GRADE LEVEL: 9; WORLD HISTORY OBJECTIVE(s): After students have completed the Alliance simulation game they will understand how alliances made before WWI influenced the makeup of the war and its outcome. ACTIVITIES AND PROCEDURES: This lesson may take one or two days (teacher preference) Divide the students into groups one group for each country. Students must choose an Ambassador to be the negotiator. One Secretary of State. One Scribe. All other students in the group will be Under Secretaries. Only the Ambassador may visit other groups to make deals. The Scribe will put in writing any proposals made to any other country. At the end it will be the Secretary of State who delivers any message or proposal from his/her country to the general body (entire class) of states. Each group will have the General information to set the stage for the activity. There should be one Confidential report for each member of each group for their country. Maps for each group. Several Proposal sheets for each group. There is a NEWS BULLETIN which may be handed out at teacher discretion. WORLD SITUATION SUMMARY 1. Your six nations represent the main factions in a troubled world situation. 2. There has been general peace on the continent for about fifty years. This peace has been hard to maintain in the rapidly changing, expanding, industrial and technical world. 3. There has been increased intervention in the underdeveloped parts of the world by opposing factions. Both Caldonia and Penland have made claim to some disputed territory in the "rubber rich" area of Asia. 4. There has been a strong rivalry between Morovia and Yorkton centered around boundary disputes over the Great forest area on their borders. 5. Yorkton has also been involved in controversies with Penland over control of the mouth of the Makeshift River. Yorkton currently controls the area. 6. Bahkan is a relatively new nation, once having been a part of Penland. They gained their independence peacefully under a previous government. 7. Penland is very interested in regaining Bahkan, although no overt action has been taken in that direction by the Penlandian Government. 8. There is a small nationalistic group in Penland demanding that their government retake Bahkan. It is suspected that this group has been leading border raids against Bahkan. 9. Caldonia has been somewhat successful in keeping out of some of the squabbles because of her geographical isolation from the neighboring states. 10. It is common knowledge that Penland has the most powerful army on the continent. Caldonia is the strongest naval power. 11. Various nations have entered into military alliances which guarantee mutual support if war begins. 12. Major newspapers in each country have been carrying on feuds with each other and they have helped fan the flames of unrest and hatred within each nation. 13. This is a time of extreme nationalism in which most countrymen support their respective governments to the fullest in foreign affairs. 14. Because of the fear between the various nations, generated by the uneasy peace, there has been a continual race to build military armaments. 15. Sandia has been troubled by domestic unrest, and the government is not considered to be too stable. There have been reports that a large faction of unemployed workers and peasants are banding together and are planning a revolution. At this point there is no reliable information which would indicate that they would be successful. WORLD SITUATION SUMMARY Known Alliances: These are the only alliances which have been announced publicly Country Alliances What Nation --------- ---------- ----------- Bahkan Yes Sandia Caldonia Yes Yorkton Morovia Yes ------- Penland Yes ------- Sandia Yes Bahkan Yorkton Yes Caldonia MILITARY STRENGTH COUNTRY ARMY SIZE RATING --------- ----- --------- -------- Bahkan Yes 100,000 Good Caldonia Yes 1,500,000 Good Morovia Yes 150,000 Good Penland Yes 7,000,000 Excellent Sandia Yes 8,000,000 Poor Yorkton Yes 3,000,000 Fair COUNTRY NAVY SIZE RATING --------- ----- --------- -------- Bahkan Yes 500 Fair Caldonia Yes 1,500,000 Excellent Morovia No -------- None Penland Yes 250,000 Fair Sandia Yes 50,000 Fair Yorkton Yes 25,000 Fair NATIONAL STATISTICS COUNTRY POPULATION NATIONAL INCOME --------- ---------- --------------- Bahkan 3,500,000 80,000,000 Caldonia 34,000,000 280,000,000 Morovia 15,000,000 150,000,000 Penland 40,000,000 230,000,000 Sandia 77,000,000 120,000,000 Yorkton 38,000,000 200,000,000 CONFIDENTIAL Caldonia Data Sheet The following facts give you a background on your country. Read and become familiar with them. Keep the world situation in mind as you analyze these facts. Remember, this is confidential and should not be seen by any of the other countries. Your goal is to maintain peace, if at all possible. You will be called upon to present your decisions orally and in writing. 1. You have the largest and most powerful navy in the world. Your geographical location has been an asset to you historically. The mountain range to your east has provided you with protection against invasion from your three neighbors. 2. You are aware of Penland's interest in Bahkan, and you have attempted to negotiate a peaceful settlement. Bahkan has tried to get you to join her in a military alliance. You have resisted her attempts so far, but popular sentiment in your country favors Bahkan. 3. Historically you have had an alliance with Yorkton, and this is well known to the rest of the world. You know Yorkton has had a running feud with Penland and Morovia, but you do not consider it to be that serious. You do not think it will lead to hostilities. 4. Yorkton has publicly supported Bahkan but because of her weak military posture, you do not think Yorkton is willing to back her words with military support of Bahkan. 5. Your main conflict with your neighbors, has been with Penland. You have been quarreling over some territory in South-East Asia. Penland has posed a threat to your supremacy in this area. You will not tolerate this. 6. At present, you have no interest in world war, but only hope to avert it . You have considered the possibility of letting Penland take Bahkan, if she will allow you to remain supreme in South East Asia. 7. You have maintained cordial, but not friendly relations with Morovia. You strongly oppose her interest in Yorkton forest land. This is especially important to you since you buy most of your lumber from Yorkton and get it at a very reasonable rate. You think Morovian interests would change you more for this same service. 8. Sandia has been a friend to you. You know that her current government is shaky and, therefore, have stayed out of her domestic affairs. You have heard rumors that Penland has designs on part of Sandia, but you think that these are false and have been created merely to build animosity between you and Penland. 9. What concerns you most is maintaining peace and restraining Penland from unlimited growth which could pose a threat to you. 10. You must also be concerned with the condition of Yorkton since your alliance with her could bring you into conflict. CONFIDENTIAL Morovia Data Sheet The following facts give you a background of your country. Read and become familiar with them. Keep the world situation in mind as you analyze these facts. Remember, this is confidential and should not been seen by any of the other countries. Your goal is to maintain peace, if at all possible. You will be called upon to present your decisions orally and in writing. 1. You are located in the central heartland of the continent. You currently have a small but efficient army, and think you could increase its size if circumstances so dictate. 2. Penland has been your long-time friend and you have joined her in a secret alliance. This alliance would guarantee your mutual assistance in case either of you declare war or are attacked. 3. You believe that if war occurs, you will gain quite a bit of what is presently Yorkton and possible some of Sandia. You have no guarantee that this would happen and since Penland is so powerful she may leave you nothing. 4. Your primary interest in Yorkton is the great forest which you believe would be a boost to your economy. You have previously made claim to this land. Since you are a "land-locked" nation. Penlandian control of the Makshift River would give you access to the North Ocean and a reasonable trade route. 5. Military, you would probably thrust your main force at Yorkton. The swamps to the south give what you believe to be a ready defense against Sandian aggression. Of course, this would leave you open to the west and possible attack by Caldonia, if they were to intercede. They only have a small army, but you would probably receive the brunt of any action they might take. 6. In an attempt to determine what Caldonian intentions might be in case of war, you have held secret discussions with her. You received no concrete information and you are worried about what action she might take. The fact that you held these discussions should be kept from Penland because they may doubt your sincere interest in your alliance with them. 7. Because of your central location, you might fact attack on three fronts at once. You know you have Penlandian assistance guaranteed, but you must consider the possibility of turning your plains into the main battlefield of any war which may occur. 8. Much of what you do will depend on the actions of Penland, unless you are willing to break your alliance with them. This, of course, will deny you land acquisition and will earn you the animosity of powerful Penland. CONFIDENTIAL Penland Data Sheet The following facts give you a background of your country. Read and become familiar with them. Keep the world situation in mind as you analyze these facts. Remember, this is confidential and should not be sen by any of the other countries. Your goal is to maintain peace, if at all possible. You will be called upon to present your decisions orally and in writing. 1. Your army is considered to be the best on the continent. It is well trained and has excellent leadership at all levels. Your military leaders have been pushing for action in the direction of Bahkan. They believe this land is rightfully a part of Penland and should be retaken. 2. A strong group of nationalists have also been pushing for an attack upon Bahkan. They had led night raids on this country, causing disturbances along the borders. Although your government has publicly condemned these raids, it has secretly supported them with military equipment. 3. Historically you've had a fierce rivalry with Yorkton. The controversy centers around control of the mouth of the Makeshift River. Yorkton currently controls the mouth of the river and allows you minimum access to it. It would be very beneficial to you if you could gain control of this important geographical feature. 4. Your strongest ally has been Morovia to your west. You have entered into a secret alliance with them which would guarantee mutual assistance if either of you went to war. Morovia could provide you with a small but efficient army and plenty of food which you would need in case of a lengthy war. 5. The Sandian government, your intelligence reveals, is about to topple, and you believe that you might be able to expand your boundaries in her direction. 6. Caldonia would pose the biggest threat to any of your adventures. Her navy could pose a strong threat to any success you might have. You don't have any idea how Caldonia might react to expansion on your part. She has attempted to maintain peace through negotiation. You should try to appease her if possible. 7. Presently, your main desire is to retake Bahkan and then concern yourself with other activities and goals. You should attempt to convince Caldonia that Bahkan is your only concern and that is would be in her best interest to remain neutral. 8. Another alternative would be to drop your designs for further expansion and try for peace. This would probably be your last choice. 9. You just received an intelligence report that Morovia has held secret talks with Caldonia. She has said nothing to you about these talks. You have no reason to doubt her loyalty, but you believe you have a right to know what these talks were about. CONFIDENTIAL Sandia Data Sheet The following facts give you a background of your country. Read and become familiar with them. Keep the world situation in mind as you analyze these facts. Remember, this is confidential and should not be sen by any of the other countries. Your goal is to maintain peace if at all possible . You will b e called upon to present your decisions orally and in writing. 1. Your government is currently in very trying times. There has been a movement amongst many of your people to overthrow your regime. 2. Probably the last thing you want is to become involved in a world war. The pressure might be too great on your government. 3. Your army is large, but not well trained, and some of your generals may not be loyal to your programs. 4. Geographically, you have some protection from the mountains to your north and the swamps to your northeast. 5. Yorkton has approached you about a possible military alliance with her. You haven't signed yet, but you think it may be beneficial to do so. A show of force against Penland aggression may be effective. 6. You are a partner in an alliance with Bahkan, a long-time friend. You realize her untenable position, which may draw you into war with Penland. You want to keep this commitment but hope this will be unnecessary. 7. It is rumored that Penland may have intentions in your direction. You have no valid information to prove this. But, if it is so, you could not defend yourself without the aid of allies. 8. You must create a situation in which you would have help if Penland attacks. 9. The settlement of the situation over Bahkan could be very important to you. You would rather not concentrate on foreign affairs at the present, but would rather stay close to the domestic scene. 10. One of your ministers has suggested that you break your Bahkan alliance and attempt to join Penland or remain neutral if she allows you to. A problem with this solution is, if Penland does attack, you will probably be without allies. 11. Watch Caldonia closely, her ultimate actions may very well aid you in formulating your final decisions. CONFIDENTIAL Yorkton Data Sheet The following facts give you a background of your country. Read and become familiar with them. Keep the world situation in mind as you analyze these facts. Remember, this is confidential and should not be seen by any of the other countries. Your goal is to maintain peace, if at all possible. You will be called upon to present your decisions orally and in writing. 1. You possess and can raise a relatively large army. At the present time your army is not too strong and is poorly trained. 2. Caldonia has been your long-time friend and you are partners in a military alliance. This fact is known to the rest of the world. 3. You have publicly supported Bahkan's stand for independence in opposition to Penlandian intentions. In fact, you have signed a secret military alliance with them. They have promised to keep this secret unless you announce the existence of the alliance first. 4. You have had a long running feud with Penland over c control of the mouth of the Makeshift. You control it at present, but fear that Penland may resort to force to gain control. 5. Your main industry has been your forest to the south .Morovia has made no attempt to secure this area, but you have it on good source that she is interested in making a move in this direction in the near future. 6. You have no reason to doubt that Caldonia would come to your aid if necessary. Of course, if you are first required to defend Bahkan, by virtue of your secret alliance, Caldonia may not recognize her alliance with you, 7. You must create an emotional state which would cause Caldonia to fear the intentions of Penland. If Caldonia can be made to believe that Penland could ultimately threaten her, she may be more likely to defend you despite your secret treaty with Bahkan. You will need Caldonian support in the event of war, if you are going to have a chance of defeating either Morovia or Penland. 8. Sandia, to the south, could prove to be an important ally. Her government is weak; her army is very large. If hostilities broke out, she could be important on the Southern Morovian Front, thereby, taking some of the pressure off you. You have discussed such an alliance with Sandian Officials and have offered to sign a treaty with her. She gave you no answer, but you have hopes she will sign. 9. Your hope is that Caldonia will keep her alliance, and Sandia will sign one. You believe these alliances will cause Penland and Morovia to forget their desires to advance against Bahkan and you. CONFIDENTIAL Bahkan Data Sheet The following facts give you a background of your country. Read and become familiar with them. Keep the world situation in mind as you analyze these facts. Remember, This is confidential and should not be seen by any of the other countries. Your goal is to maintain peace, if at all possible. You will be called upon to present your decisions orally and in writing. 1. Your country is relatively new. You were once a state of Penland and achieved independence through peaceful means under a prior Penlandian government. 2. You have what is thought to be one of the smallest armies in the world. It is well trained, but could not stand long against the Penlandian invasion. 3. You have attempted to enlist moral support for your cause by publicizing and condemning the border raids of Penlandian Nationalists. You have information which leads you to believe that the Penlandian Government is supporting these raids. 4. Sandia has been a long-time friend and has verbally supported your position. You have joined her in a military alliance which guarantees your mutual support if either of you are attacked. 5. Because of her long feud with Penland, Yorkton has also signed an alliance with you which guarantees military support in case either of you are attached. This alliance is secret and is only known to you and Yorkton. 6. You hope that knowledge of these alliances will cause Penland to allow you to keep your freedom. However, your alliance with Yorkton is secret and contains a clause which permits only Yorkton to make this alliance public information. If you release this information the alliance could be broken and you may be without an important ally. At the present time you are willing to release this information because you believe that Yorkton would continue to honor her agreement. 7. You have held secret talks with Caldonia in hopes of enlisting her aid. Her navy could be most useful to you, but on the oceans and on the East River, your only outlet to the sea. So far these talks have produced nothing concrete. Caldonia remains friendly and in principle supports your opinion, but refuses to enter into any alliance with you. 8. At this point you are attempting to negotiate a peaceful solution with Penland. You are willing to let her have access to the portion of the East River which falls within your boundaries. In addition you would lift all tariffs on goods which she sells you and you would make an agreement to buy all your steel and coal form her. 9. Above all, you must maintain your alliances and work for new ones; without them you would probably be attacked immediately. NEWS BULLETIN JULY 28, 1918 TO: MINISTERS OF STATE FROM: News Reporter DATELINE: Bahkan The government of Bahkan has reported that Penland nationalists have staged a massive armed attack along her borders. They have taken control of the East River and have bombed government facilities in the capital. It is believed that the raiders are members of the same group which have been staging smaller raids on the Bahkan border in previous months. This action is by far the most serious yet taken by Penland sympathizers. Bahkan officials charge that this attack was led by the regular Penlandian Army, and is an act of outright aggression against Bahkan territorial integrity. Government representatives in Penland have refused to comment on the current crisis. This leads to speculation that Bahkan officials are making a legitimate charge. There are also reports that there have been massive troop movements in Penland, both in the direction of Sandia and Yorkton. CONFIDENTIAL STATE PAPER _______________________ country PROPOSAL: Signed ______________________ Minister of State ______________________ Deputy Minister ______________________ Assistant Minister ______________________ Assistant Minister